Electric Current Activatedassisted Sintering Ecas a Review of Patents 1906ã¢â‚¬â€œ2008

Review

. 2009 Nov 20;10(v):053001.

doi: 10.1088/1468-6996/10/v/053001. eCollection 2009 Oct.

Electric electric current activated/assisted sintering ( ECAS): a review of patents 1906-2008

Affiliations

• PMID: 27877308
• PMCID: PMC5090538
• DOI: ten.1088/1468-6996/10/5/053001

Free PMC article

Review

Current activated/assisted sintering ( ECAS): a review of patents 1906-2008

Salvatore Grasso  et al. Sci Technol Adv Mater. 2009 .

Gratuitous PMC article

Abstruse

The current activated/assisted sintering (ECAS) is an ever growing form of versatile techniques for sintering particulate materials. Despite the tremendous advances over the terminal two decades in ECASed materials and products there is a lack of comprehensive reviews on ECAS apparatuses and methods. This paper fills the gap past tracing the progress of ECAS applied science from 1906 to 2008 and surveys 642 ECAS patents published over more than a century. It is found that the ECAS applied science was pioneered by Bloxam (1906 GB Patent No. 9020) who developed the starting time resistive sintering apparatus. The patents were searched by keywords or by cross-links and were withdrawn from the Japanese Patent Office (342 patents), the United States Patent and Trademark Office (175 patents), the Chinese State Intellectual Property Part of P.R.C. (69 patents) and the World Intellectual Belongings Organization (12 patents). A subset of 119 (out of 642) ECAS patents on methods and apparatuses was selected and described in detail with respect to their fundamental concepts, physical principles and importance in either nowadays ECAS apparatuses or time to come ECAS technologies for enhancing efficiency, reliability, repeatability, controllability and productivity. The paper is divided into two parts, the get-go deals with the basic concepts, features and definitions of basic ECAS and the second analyzes the auxiliary devices/peripherals. The basic ECAS is classified with reference to discharge time (fast and ultrafast ECAS). The cardinal principles and definitions of ECAS are outlined in accordance with the scientific and patent literature.

Keywords: electric assisted sintering; electric discharge compaction; field activated/assisted sintering technique; patents; pulsed electric current sintering; spark plasma sintering.

Figures

Figure i

Number of ECAS patents per decade from 1900 to the first semester of 2008. The exploration (1900–1960), development (1960–1990) and exploitation (1990–2008) stages are divers in accordance with the worldwide industrialization and commercialization of ECAS.

Effigy two

Number of published ECAS patents from 1900 to 2008 applied to (a) functional and (b) structural materials; the big number of industrial applications underlines the wide flexibility of ECAS.

Figure 3

Diagram tracing the development of ECAS applied science over the past 110 years. The primary patents corresponding to milestones in basic ECAS and peripheral units, are specified on the left- and correct-hand sides, respectively.

Figure iv

Schematic of sintering procedure: (a) hot pressing and (b) ECAS.

Effigy 5

Main ECAS parameters: electric current density, current waveform, heating method, mechanical stress field and sleeping accommodation temper.

Figure 6

Front page of the first patent on ECAS technology past Bloxam in 1906 [iv].

Effigy 7

Sintering apparatus based on the original scheme patented past Weintraub and Rush [62] in 1913, which simultaneously applied direct Joule heat and force per unit area.

Figure 8

Sintering of metal grinding wheels based on the original scheme patented by Thomson Houston Co., Ltd, in 1935 [68]: (a) cross section of the apparatus and (b) front and (c) side views of metal the wheel. The working surface of the wheel included 10–xx wt% diamond powder embedded in WC–Co matrix.

Figure 9

Sintering apparatuses based on (a) Kratky'southward touch loading arrangement and (b) Engle'southward supplementary heating method, where powders are heated simultaneously by the Joule result and past a dice surrounding furnace (adapted from [70, 71], respectively).

Figure 10

Schematic of the impulsive spark discharge sintering patented past Inoue in 1967 (adapted from [32]).

Figure 11

Current waveforms from two basic SPS pulse generators and iii duty cycles. Panels (a)–(c) are for a thyristor-type pulse generator with a pulse duration of iii.3 ms (since 1989) [12, lxxx]. Panels (d)–(f) are for an inverter-blazon pulse generator (1996–1997) (courtesy of Sumitomo/SPSS, Nippon).

Figure 12

SPS tunnel-type automated machine [82]: (a) layout, (b) car inlet and (c) preheating/sintering/cooling systems (courtesy of Sumitomo/SPSS, Japan).

Figure 13

(a) Photograph of a fully automated multi-caput SPS organisation [81]. In (b) and (c), the SPS system is equipped with a robot (1) that handles loads and unloads of the powder in the die (2) (courtesy of Sumitomo/SPSS, Nihon).

Figure fourteen

Rotary-table system [83] (courtesy of Sumitomo/SPSS, Japan).

Effigy 15

Equivalent electric circuit of EDC motorcar (adapted from [39]).

Figure 16

Principle of ECAS central control unit permitting real time monitoring and aligning of all operating parameters (i.eastward. temperature, deportation and densification time) based on a feedback control system.

Figure 17

(a) Top and (b) front view of Sunamoto'southward heating arrangement: current is discharged by 2 pairs of electrodes, which are brought into contact with the outer dice surface while the pulverisation is pressed by punches (adapted from [109]).

Figure 18

Sintering appliance consisting of a dice made of alternating conductive/nonconductive hollow cylinders; the conductive cylinders are connected to capacitors through electric switches (adapted from [112]).

Figure 19

Methods to reduce electric energy consumption by minimizing rut conduction from the punches to the cooling system: (a) using thermal buffers [113] and (b) past the progressive reduction of punch cross section [114] (adapted from [113, 114], respectively).

Figure 20

Methods of controlling current distribution beyond punch/die/compact assembly: (a) currents are forced to menses across powders, (b) ii electrically insulating discs—interposed betwixt the punches and sample inhibit current menses across the pulverisation and (c) uniform electric current and temperature distributions across the punch/dice/compact assembly are promoted by preventing overheating at the punch/spacer interface (adapted from [116, 117, 119], respectively).

Effigy 21

Schematic of patented methods for current path control using independently controllable electrodes (adapted from [122, 123], respectively).

Figure 22

Cross section of the die used for the fabrication of functional graded materials (adapted from [124, 125].

Figure 23

Schematic of high pressure sintering methods (upwardly to 1 GPa). (a) The relevant parts are (1) internal smaller graphite die, (ii) outer graphite die (3) two binderless tungsten carbide discs placed at the edge of each (4) SiC plunger. (b) The inner (sacrificial) graphite die is inserted inside a college strength (permanent) die (adjusted from [35, 130], respectively).

Figure 24

Cross-sectional view of electric sintering apparatus using a liquid pressure-transmitting medium (adapted from [131]).

Figure 25

Fractional view of longitudinal cross department of electroconsolidation^® apparatus. Preform particulates are pressed between punches via solid pressure-transmitting media such as graphite spheres (adapted from [132]).

Figure 26

Schematic of stress application in plasma pressure compaction^® (PⁱⁱC). The electrodes may apply shear stress and/or uniaxial pressure (adapted from [13]).

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Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27877308/

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