A Bridge Too Far Funny Scene
| A Bridge Too Far | |
|---|---|
 Original film poster | |
| Directed by | Richard Attenborough |
| Screenplay by | William Goldman |
| Based on | A Bridge Too Far by Cornelius Ryan |
| Produced by | Joseph E. Levine Richard P. Levine |
| Starring | Dirk Bogarde James Caan Michael Caine Sean Connery Edward Fox Elliott Gould Anthony Hopkins Gene Hackman Hardy Krüger Laurence Olivier Ryan O'Neal Robert Redford Maximilian Schell Liv Ullmann |
| Cinematography | Geoffrey Unsworth |
| Edited by | Antony Gibbs |
| Music by | John Addison |
| Production | Joseph E. Levine Productions |
| Distributed by | United Artists |
| Release date | June 15, 1977 |
| Running time | 176 minutes |
| Country |
|
| Languages | English German Dutch |
| Budget | $25 million[3] |
| Box office | $50.7 million[4] |
A Bridge Too Far is a 1977 epic war film depicting Operation Market Garden, a failed Allied operation in Nazi-occupied Netherlands during World War II. Based on a non-fiction book of the same name by historian Cornelius Ryan, the film is directed by Richard Attenborough and with a screenplay by William Goldman.[5] It stars an ensemble cast, featuring Dirk Bogarde, James Caan, Michael Caine, Sean Connery, Edward Fox, Elliott Gould, Gene Hackman, Anthony Hopkins, Hardy Krüger, Laurence Olivier, Ryan O'Neal, Robert Redford, Maximilian Schell and Liv Ullmann.
Independently produced by Richard and Joseph E. Levine, it was the second film based on a book by Ryan to be adapted for the screen (after 1962's The Longest Day).[6] It was the second film based on the events of World War II's failed Operation Market Garden (after 1946's Theirs Is the Glory).[7] A co-production between the United Kingdom and the United States,[8] the film was shot on-location in the Netherlands, in many of the real locations where the historical events took place. At the time of its release, it was the most expensive film ever produced.
Though it received a tepid critical response, A Bridge Too Far received several accolades. At the 31st BAFTA Awards it won four out of eight nominated categories, including Best Supporting Actor for Edward Fox and Best Score for John Addison—who himself had served in the British XXX Corps during Market Garden. Attenborough was nominated for Best Direction, and the film was nominated for Best Motion Picture.
Plot [edit]
Operation Market Garden envisages 35,000 men being flown 300 miles (480 km) from air bases in England and dropped behind enemy lines in the Netherlands. Two divisions of US paratroopers are responsible for securing the road and bridges as far as Nijmegen. A British division, under Major-General Roy Urquhart, is to land near Arnhem and hold both sides of the bridge there, backed by a brigade of Polish paratroopers under General Stanisław Sosabowski. XXX Armoured Corps are to push up the road over the bridges captured by the American paratroopers and reach Arnhem two days after the drop.
As General Urquhart briefs his officers some of them are surprised they are going to attempt a landing so far from their objective since the distance from their landing zone to the bridge will render their portable radios useless. Although the consensus is that resistance will consist entirely of inexperienced old men and Hitler Youth, reconnaissance photos show the presence of German tanks at Arnhem. General Browning nevertheless dismisses the photos and also ignores reports from the Dutch underground, believing the operation will be successful regardless.
The Arnhem bridge is the prime target, since it serves as the last means of escape for the German forces in the Netherlands and a direct route to Germany for the Allies. However the road to it is only a single lane linking the various key bridges and vehicles have to squeeze onto the verge to pass. The road is also elevated, causing anything moving along it to stand out.
Though the airborne drops catch the enemy by surprise and encounter little resistance, the Son bridge is demolished by the Germans just before it can be secured. Furthermore, troubles beset Urquhart's division, since many of the jeeps either do not arrive or are destroyed in an ambush, in addition to their nonfunctional radio sets.
Meanwhile, XXX Corps' progress is slowed by German resistance, the narrowness of the road and the need to construct a Bailey bridge to replace the one destroyed at Son. They are then halted at Nijmegen, where soldiers of the 82nd Airborne Division perform a dangerous daylight river crossing to capture the Nijmegen bridge and XXX Corps is further delayed waiting for infantry to secure the town.
The Germans close in on the isolated British paratroopers occupying part of Arnhem at the bridge, and although Sosabowski's troops finally arrive after being delayed in England they are ultimately too late to reinforce the British. After days of intense fighting against SS infantry and panzers the outgunned troops are eventually either captured or forced to withdraw to Oosterbeek. Urquhart receives orders to retreat, while the other Allied commanders blame the various difficulties encountered for their failure to provide the needed support.
Urquhart escapes with less than a fifth of his original ten thousand troops while those who are too badly injured to flee stay behind to cover the withdrawal. On arrival at British headquarters Urquhart confronts Browning about his personal sentiments regarding the operation and the latter contradicts his earlier optimism regarding it.
Back in Oosterbeek Kate ter Horst, whose home has been converted into a makeshift hospital by the British, abandons its ruins. Passing through the front yard, now a graveyard for fallen troops, she and her children leave with an elderly doctor, pulling a few possessions in a cart, while wounded British troops sing "Abide with Me" as they await capture.
Cast and roles [edit]
Note: Characters ordered by rank
British [edit]
| Actor | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Dirk Bogarde | Lieutenant-General Frederick 'Boy' Browning | GOC I British Airborne Corps, and at HQ First Allied Airborne Army as its deputy commander, British Army at Nijmegen |
| Edward Fox | Lieutenant-General Brian Horrocks | GOC, XXX Corps,[9] British Second Army.[10] |
| Sean Connery | Major-General Roy Urquhart | GOC, 1st British Airborne Division, Arnhem |
| Donald Douglas | Brigadier Gerald Lathbury | Brigade Commander, 1st Parachute Brigade, British Army in Arnhem. |
| Gerald Sim | Colonel Sims | Senior Medical Officer, 1st Airborne Corps, RAMC, British Army. Based on Arthur Austin Eagger.[11] |
| Richard Kane | Colonel Weaver | Senior Medical Officer, Headquarters RAMC, 1st British Airborne Division, at the Main Dressing Station in the Schoonoord Hotel of the Oosterbeek Perimeter. Based on Graeme Warrack. |
| Philip Raymond | Colonel McEwan | C.O. 2nd Armoured Grenadier Guards Battalion. Based on Edward H. Goulburn. |
| Michael Caine | Lieutenant-Colonel J.O.E. Vandeleur | CO, 3rd Battalion (Infantry), the Irish Guards, the Guards Armoured Division, XXX Corps, British Army |
| Anthony Hopkins | Lieutenant-Colonel John Frost | Commanding Officer, 2nd Battalion The Parachute Regiment, 1st Parachute Brigade, 1st British Airborne Division at Arnhem road bridge |
| Michael Byrne | Lieutenant-Colonel Giles Vandeleur | Acting CO, 2nd Battalion (Armoured), the Irish Guards, the British Guards Armoured Division. Cousin to 'Joe'. |
| Donald Pickering | Lieutenant-Colonel C.B. MacKenzie | Principal General Staff Officer (Chief of Staff), Headquarters, 1st Airborne Division, British Army, Divisional HQ at the Hartenstein Hotel |
| Christopher Good | Major Harry Carlyle | Officer Commanding, A Company, 2nd Battalion The Parachute Regiment, 1st Parachute Brigade, Arnhem.[12] Based on Allison Digby Tatham-Warter |
| Frank Grimes | Major Fuller | G-2 (Intelligence Officer) for the 1st Airborne Corps,[13] British Army stationed at the HQ located in Moor Park Golf Club, Hertfordshire, England. Based on Brian Urquhart. |
| Stephen Moore | Major Robert Steele | Second–in–command of the divisional signals for 1st Airborne Division, later attached to 1st Parachute Brigade. Based on Anthony Deane–Drummond. |
| John Stride | Grenadier Guards Major | British Grenadier Guards Commander who argues with Major Cook after 82nd capture Nijmegen Bridge. Based on Captain Lord Carrington. |
| Michael Graham Cox | Captain Jimmy Cleminson | T/Capt., 5 Platoon, B Company, 3rd Battalion The Parachute Regiment, British Army, Arnhem |
| Keith Drinkel | Lieutenant Cornish | 9th Parachute Squadron Royal Engineers, 1st Airborne Division. Based on Eric MacKay. |
| Denholm Elliott | RAF Meteorology Officer | |
| Jeremy Kemp | RAF Briefing Officer | RAF, but the briefing probably took place at the 1st Airborne Corps HQ in Moor Park Golf Club, Hertfordshire, England |
| Mark Sheridan | Sergeant Tomblin | 2nd Battalion, 1st Parachute Brigade, 1st British Airborne Division |
| George Innes | Sergeant MacDonald | British 1st Airborne Division radio operator at the Hartenstein Hotel |
| Alun Armstrong | Corporal Davies | 2nd Battalion The Parachute Regiment, 1st Parachute Brigade, 1st British Airborne Division |
| Paul Copley | Private Wicks | Batman to Lieutenant Colonel Frost, CO, 2nd Battalion The Parachute Regiment, British Army |
| Ben Cross | Trooper Binns | 2nd Battalion, 1st Parachute Brigade, 1st British Airborne Division |
| David Auker | 'Taffy' Brace | Medic, 1st British Airborne Division |
Americans [edit]
| Actor | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Paul Maxwell | Major General Maxwell Taylor | CG, 101st Airborne Division, US Army at the Son bridge and later St-Oedenrode |
| Ryan O'Neal | Brigadier General James Gavin | Division Commander, US 82nd Airborne Division, US Army at the bridge across the River Maas in Grave, later at the Maas-Waal canal and the bridge across the River Waal in Nijmegen |
| Elliott Gould | Colonel Robert Stout | CO, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division. Based on Robert Sink. |
| Arthur Hill | US Army Surgeon Colonel | Chief Division Surgeon, 101st Airborne Division Clearing Station. Based on David Gold. |
| Robert Redford | Major Julian Cook | Commanding Officer, 3rd Battalion, 504th PIR, 82nd Airborne, US Army seizing key bridges over the Maas-Waal Canal and the river assault crossing of the Waal. |
| Nicholas Campbell | Captain Glass | CO, F Company, 2nd Battalion, 502PIR. Based on LeGrand King Johnson |
| Garrick Hagon | Lieutenant Rafferty | Lieutenant, 101st Military Police Platoon, 101st Airborne Division, Division Field Hospital, US Army |
| John Ratzenberger | Lieutenant Wall | Lieutenant, Company H, 504th PIR, 82nd Airborne Division, US Army, at River Waal crossing. Based on James Megellas. |
| James Caan | Staff Sergeant Eddie Dohun | Runner for Captain Glass, CO, Company F, 502nd Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division U.S. Army (attacking Best). Based on Charles Dohun. |
Other Allies [edit]
| Actor | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Gene Hackman | Major General Stanisław Sosabowski | Brigade Commander, Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade, Polish Armed Forces |
| Peter Faber | Captain Arie Bestebreurtje | Liaison officer with the 82nd Airborne Division, Office of Strategic Services,[14] Royal Dutch Army[15] [16] [ circular reference ] |
| Siem Vroom | Dutch underground leader | |
| Erik van 't Wout | Underground leader's son | |
| Marlies van Alcmaer | Underground leader's wife |
Germans [edit]
| Actor | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Wolfgang Preiss | Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt | Commander, OB West |
| Walter Kohut | Generalfeldmarschall Walter Model | Commander, Army Group B |
| Hardy Krüger | Generalmajor der Waffen-SS Karl Ludwig | Division Commander, 10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg. Based on Heinz Harmel. |
| Maximilian Schell | General der Waffen-SS Wilhelm Bittrich | Corps Commander, II SS Panzer Corps. |
| Hans von Borsody | General der Infanterie Günther Blumentritt | Chief of Staff, OB West |
| Fred Williams | Hauptsturmführer Viktor Eberhard Gräbner | Commander, reconnaissance battle group of 9th SS Panzer Division Hohenstaufen |
| Lex van Delden | Oberscharführer Matthias | Bittrich's aide. |
| Hartmut Becker | German Army sentry |
Dutch civilians [edit]
| Actor | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Laurence Olivier | Dr. Jan Spaander | |
| Liv Ullmann | Kate ter Horst | |
| Mary Smithuysen | Old Dutch lady | |
| Hans Croiset | Old Dutch lady's son | |
| Josephine Peeper | Cafe waitress | |
| Tom van Beek | Jan ter Horst | |
| Erik Chitty | Organist | |
| Albert van der Harst | Medic | |
| Richard Attenborough | Lunatic wearing glasses | Uncredited cameo |
Production [edit]
Air filming was done in the first weeks of September 1976, culminating in a series of air drops of a total of 1,000 men.[ citation needed ] [17] Supplies were dropped from a number of Dakota aircraft. The Dakotas were gathered by the film company Joseph E. Levine Presents Incorporated. All aircraft were required to be CAA (Civil Aviation Authority) or FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) registered and licensed to carry passengers. An original deal for the purchase of ten fell through when two airframes were rejected as passenger configured without the necessary jump doors. Eleven Dakotas were procured. Two ex-Portuguese Air Force, 6153 and 6171 (N9984Q and N9983Q), and two from Air Djibouti, operating from Djibouti in French Somaliland, F-OCKU and F-OCKX (N9985Q and N9986Q) were purchased by Joseph E. Levine. Three Danish Air Force K-685, K-687, and K-688, and four Finnish Air Force C-47s, DO-4, DO-7, DO-10 and DO-12, were loaned for the duration of the parachute filming.
Aircraft 6171 doubled as the camera ship on most formations, with a camouflaged Piper Aztec, G-AWDI. A camera was mounted in the astrodome, one on the port upper mainplane surface, with a third camera on the outside of the forward port cabin window and a fourth under the aircraft centre section. In addition, centre escape hatches were removed to make additional camera ports available, provided that no troops were aboard during filming. A second Aztec, G-ASND, was a backup camera ship on some shots, but it was not camouflaged. An Alouette, G-BDWN, was also employed. After a mishap with G-AWDI, two locally hired Cessna 172s, PH-GVP and PH-ADF, were also used. Ten Horsa glider replicas were built, but a windstorm damaged almost all of them. Seven or eight were hastily repaired for the shoot. The replica gliders were tail-heavy and required a support post under the rear fuselage, with camera angles carefully chosen to avoid revealing this. Dakota 6153 was fitted with tow gear and Horsa replicas were towed at high speed, though none went airborne. A two-seat Blaník sailplane, provided by a member of the London Gliding Club, Dunstable, was towed aloft for the interior takeoff shots.
Shooting of a scene in Deventer on May 18, 1976. German vehicles are crossing the bridge.
Four Harvards portrayed American and German fighters. Their original identities were PH-KLU, PH-BKT, B-64 and B-118, the former two aircraft loaned by the Royal Netherlands Air Force. These were flown by members of the Gilze Rijen Aero Club, which also provided an Auster III, PH-NGK, which depicted an Auster V, RT607, in wartime camouflage. Spitfire Mk. IX, MH434, depicting a photo reconnaissance variant, coded AC-S, was lent by the Hon. Patrick Lindsay, and was flown by aerobatic champion Neil Williams.[18]
Sufficient American tanks, jeeps, and trucks of World War II vintage were found because many of the vehicles were being discarded from European military (almost entirely reserve) units, especially from Greece and Turkey.
The scenes around the "Arnhem" bridge were shot in Deventer, where a similar bridge over the IJssel was still available. Although a replica of the original road bridge in Arnhem existed, by the mid-1970s modern urban development surrounded it, making it impossible to use as a setting for a 1940s city. A few scenes were shot in Zutphen, where the old municipality house and the main church can be seen. Additional scenes were filmed at Twickenham Studios.[19]
The Motion Picture Association of America initially gave the film an R rating for its use of the F-word and depictions of war violence, but United Artists lobbied it to change it to a PG rating so that younger audiences could see the film. Cuts were also made to the film when released in the United Kingdom to avoid an AA rating from the British Board of Film Censors.[19]
Finance [edit]
In order to keep costs down, all the star-name actors agreed to participate on a "favoured-nation" basis (i.e. they would all receive the same weekly fee), which in this case was $250,000 per week (the 2012 equivalent of $1,008,250 or £642,000).[20]
Shooting of the American-led assault on the Bridge at Nijmegen was dubbed the "Million-Dollar Hour". Because of heavy traffic, the crew had permission to film on the bridge only between eight and nine o'clock on October 3, 1976. Failure to complete the scene would have necessitated rescheduling at a cost—including Redford's overtime—of at least a million dollars. For this reason, Attenborough insisted that all actors playing corpses keep their eyes closed.[5]
After United Artists agreed to pay $6 million for US and Canada distribution rights,[21] the film was a box office disappointment in North America, but performed well in Europe.[22]
Reception [edit]
Critics agreed that the film was impressively staged[23] and historically accurate, although many found it too long and too repetitive.[24] Vincent Canby of The New York Times said further, "The movie is massive, shapeless, often unexpectedly moving, confusing, sad, vivid and very, very long."[25]
James Caan and Anthony Hopkins were cited by many critics for the excellence of their performances in a film with hundreds of speaking roles and cameos by many of the period's top actors.[24]
Officers Urquhart and Horrocks acted as military advisers to the film, adding to its historical accuracy. However, some reviewers suggested that the film contains historical inaccuracies and needs to be viewed as a 'Hollywood' interpretation of events. Robin Neillands commented, "A countless number of veterans have urged me to ignore most of the story in the film A Bridge Too Far".[26]
Roger Ebert gave the film two out of four stars, describing it as
such an exercise in wretched excess, such a mindless series of routine scenes, such a boringly violent indulgence in all the blood and guts and moans they could find, that by the end we're prepared to speculate that maybe Levine went two or even three bridges too far. The movie's big and expensive and filled with stars, but it's not an epic. It's the longest B-grade war movie ever made.[27]
Gene Siskel gave the film two-and-a-half out of four stars and wrote,
More often than not, A Bridge Too Far isn't a story; it's a parade of famous faces. As for the battle footage, it is more often tedious than glamorous. The paratroop landing provides a spectacular five minutes. Other action footage is routine.[28]
John Pym of The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote that "by the end of this extravagant film, we have a fair idea of the who-did-what logistics of a costly military operation. The root problem with A Bridge Too Far, however, is that the top-heavy complement of stars never allows for any focus of attention."[29]
Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times wrote,
In strictly cinematic terms, the appeal of A Bridge Too Far is easy to state: it is spectacular in the size and range of its effects, earnestly well-acted by a starry and able cast, well-paced and swift despite its length, and marked by an evident attempt to give the balanced truth of a tragic episode from history.[30]
Gary Arnold of The Washington Post called it "an unusually conscientious and impressive war epic" that justified its high budget
in terms of careful period recreation, visual spectacle (the sequences depicting paratroop landings are particularly awesome), the mixture of exciting combat episodes with vivid human interest vignettes, an effort to establish a coherent, many-faceted view of a complicated and ill-fated military adventure, and a generally superior level of filmmaking intelligence and craftsmanship.[31]
The film has a 63% score on Rotten Tomatoes based on 27 reviews, with an average rating of 6.10/10.[32] The film also has a score of 63 out of 100 on Metacritic based on reviews from 13 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[33]
A "making-of" documentary included in a special edition DVD of A Bridge Too Far says that, at the time of its release, "the film was shunned by American critics and completely ignored at Oscar time for daring to expose the fatal inadequacies of the Allied campaign."[34]
Accolades [edit]
| Award | Category | Nominee | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| Evening Standard British Film Awards | Best Film | A Bridge Too Far | Won |
| 31st British Academy Film Awards | Best Film | A Bridge Too Far | Nominated |
| Best Direction | Richard Attenborough | Nominated | |
| Best Editing | Antony Gibbs | Nominated | |
| Best Production Design | Terence Marsh | Nominated | |
| Best Sound | Peter Horrocks, Gerry Humphreys, Simon Kaye, Robin O'Donoghue, and Les Wiggins | Won | |
| Best Actor in a Supporting Role | Edward Fox | Won | |
| Best Film Music | John Addison | Won | |
| Best Cinematography | Geoffrey Unsworth | Won | |
| 1977 National Society of Film Critics Awards | Best Supporting Actor | Edward Fox | Won |
Promotion [edit]
| Author | William Goldman |
|---|---|
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Genre | non-fiction |
| Publication date | 1977 |
To promote the film, scriptwriter William Goldman wrote a book titled Story of A Bridge Too Far as a favour to Joseph E. Levine.[35] It was published in December 1977 and divided into three sections:
- "Reflections on Filmmaking in General and A Bridge Too Far". This section features some essays later reprinted in Goldman's Adventures in the Screen Trade.[35]
- "A Bridge Too Far: The Story in Pictures" – 150 sequential photographs from the film with Goldman's captions.
- "Stars and Heroes" – some of the movie's actors and the men they play tell Goldman their thoughts on the film and the battle.
Notes [edit]
- ^ "A Bridge Too Far (1977)". Lumiere. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
- ^ "A Bridge Too Far (1977)". BFI. Archived from the original on December 9, 2015. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
- ^ McKenna, A. T. (2011). "Joseph E. Levine and A Bridge Too Far (1977): A Producer's Labour of Love". Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television. 31 (2): 211–227. doi:10.1080/01439685.2011.572606. S2CID 144254805.
- ^ "A Bridge Too Far, Box Office Information". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on July 13, 2014. Retrieved May 26, 2014.
- ^ a b Goldman 1977
- ^ Ryan, Cornelius (1959). The Longest Day (1st ed.). New York City: Simon & Schuster. ASIN B002YJG2WU. Archived from the original on 2021-03-03. Retrieved 2019-07-21 .
- ^ "Theirs Is the Glory." Arnhem, Hurst and Conflict on Film, Co-authored by David Truesdale and Allan Esler Smith. Page x, Introduction. Published 2016 by Helion and Company. ISBN 978-1-911096-63-4
- ^ "AFI|Catalog". catalog.afi.com . Retrieved 2022-01-29 .
- ^ Carried the primary responsibility for the 'Garden' ground offensive part of the operation
- ^ Fox had known General Horrocks as a friend before working on the film and took care to portray him accurately. Later he would cite this as his favourite film role. A Bridge Too Far (1977) British Film Institute, archived from the original on March 12, 2008, retrieved October 19, 2009
- ^ O.B.E. (Military Division) of the Order "in recognition of gallant and, distinguished services in Sicily" Supplement to The London Gazette, March 23, 1944
- ^ The major did not die of wounds at Brigade HQ but was taken prisoner, moved to the St Elizabeth Hospital and later conducted an escape (Operation Pegasus) with the Dutch Resistance to bring out 138 escapees of the battle, returning to his post with the remnants of his company Evasion Report: 21st September – 23rd October 1944 (www.pegasusarchive.org)
- ^ p.132, Ambrose, Immerman
- ^ "Capt. Arie D. Bestebreurtje – World War II Special Operations Soldier". B26.com. Archived from the original on October 20, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
- ^ escaping in 1941 to UK he studied at the Royal Military Academy and later in Edinburgh he was trained as an OSS agent and assigned to operations behind in occupied Holland.
- ^ Dutch Wikipedia article
- ^ A member of the 1st Battalion The Parachute Regiment claims there were no more than 200 men involved. Parachute drops were conducted by the 1st Battalion The Parachute Regiment, only 100 jumpers plus support, 10 man sticks per Dakota.[ citation needed ]
- ^ Hurst, Flt. Lt. K.J., DC-3 Project Officer for the film; AIR International, July 1977, Volume 13, Number 1, pp. 33-34, Talkback column
- ^ a b "AFI|Catalog". catalog.afi.com . Retrieved 2021-07-28 .
- ^ Entirely Up To You, Darling; page 152-3; paperback; Arrow Books; published 2009. ISBN 978-0-099-50304-0
- ^ A., C. (June 15, 1977). "The final decision will be mine". The Washington Post. ProQuest 146729580.
- ^ Beck, Marilyn (Oct 20, 1977). "European filmgoers are holding up "Bridge"". Chicago Tribune. p. a8.
- ^ Canby, Vincent (June 16, 1977). "Film: It's a Long War In 'Bridge Too Far'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 10, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
- ^ a b Morgan, Jason (Jan 9, 2006). "A Bridge Too Far". FilmCritic. Archived from the original on September 7, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
- ^ Canby, Vincent (June 16, 1977). "Film: It's a Long War In 'Bridge Too Far'". The New York Times. p. 74.
- ^ Neillands, Robin (2005). The Battle for the Rhine 1944. London: Cassell. pp. 87 and 93. ISBN978-1-40722-127-4.
- ^ Ebert, Roger (June 17, 1977). "A Bridge Too Far". RogerEbert.com. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
- ^ Siskel, Gene (June 16, 1977). "Big-budget 'Bridge' overspans itself". Chicago Tribuneat=Section 2, p. 6.
- ^ Pym, John (July 1977). "A Bridge Too Far". The Monthly Film Bulletin. 44 (522): 142.
- ^ Champlin, Charles (June 12, 1977). "World War II Writ Large in 'Bridge Too Far'". Los Angeles Times. Calendar, p. 1, 13.
- ^ Arnold, Gary (June 16, 1977). "An Epic War Movie At the Head of Its Class". The Washington Post. p. C1.
- ^ "A Bridge Too Far". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
- ^ "A Bridge Too Far". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
- ^ Papamichael, Stella. "A Bridge Too Far: Special Edition DVD (1977)". BBC. Archived from the original on March 1, 2010. Retrieved September 5, 2010. .
- ^ a b Egan p 145
References [edit]
- Arthur, Max, Forgotten Voices of the Second World War: A new history of world war two in the words of the men and women who were there, Ebury Press, 2004 ISBN 0091897351 OCLC 57691717
- Goldman, William (1977), William Goldman's Story of a Bridge Too Far, Coronet Books, ISBN978-0-340-22340-6 [NB: Book has no page numbers]
- Ryan, Cornelius (1974), A Bridge Too Far, London: Hamish Hamilton, ISBN978-0-340-19941-1
- Waddy, Colonel John (1977), "The Making of a Bridge Too Far", After the Battle, London: Plaistow Press (17): 10–34
- Ambrose, Stephen E. & Immerman, Richard H., Ike's spies: Eisenhower and the espionage establishment, University Press of Mississippi, 1999. ISBN 0-385-14493-8 OCLC 6863017
External links [edit]
- A Bridge Too Far at IMDb
- A Bridge Too Far at Box Office Mojo
- A Bridge Too Far at AllMovie
- A Bridge Too Far at the TCM Movie Database
- A Bridge Too Far at the American Film Institute Catalog
- "A Bridge Too Far". at British Cinema Greats. Archived from the original on 2008-03-29. Retrieved 2007-02-28 .
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Bridge_Too_Far_(film)
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